First Amendment Survey
First Amendment Results
Table of Contents
The first interview item asked respondents if they could name any of the five specific rights guaranteed by the First Amendment. Because this item challenged respondents to unexpectedly test their knowledge, some interviews were discontinued. If respondents were hesitant, a prompt such as “The First Amendment protects freedom of….” After no more than a five second pause, the interviewer moved to the next item.
Table 8: Knowledge of First Amendment Rights
|
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
FAC National Sample (%) |
Freedom of Speech |
70.1 |
63.0 |
Freedom of Press |
17.0 |
16.0 |
Freedom of Religion |
29.6 |
22.0 |
Right to Petition |
1.7 |
2.0 |
Right to Assemble |
14.6 |
11.0 |
Additional Findings Related to Knowledge of Freedom of Speech |
·Those who knew that freedom of speech is protected by the First Amendment also knew that freedom of the press is protected****, that freedom of religion is protected.****, and that the right to assemble is protected.**** ·Those who knew that freedom of speech is protected were more likely to believe the First Amendment should be required instruction in public schools.*** ·Those who knew that freedom of speech is protected were less likely to believe in punishment for burning or defacing the American flag.* ·Those who knew that freedom of speech is protected were more likely to have household incomes over $30,000. |
Additional Findings Related to Knowledge of Freedom of the Press |
·Those who knew that freedom of the press is protected by the First Amendment also knew that freedom of speech****, religion****, and assembly ****are protected. ·Those who knew that freedom of the press is protected by the First Amendment were less likely to support punishment for burning the flag.** ·Those who knew that freedom of the press is protected by the First Amendment were more likely to believe that journalists should be able to publish without government censorship.* ·Those who knew that freedom of the press is protected by the First Amendment were more likely to be under age 50.* |
Additional Findings Related to Knowledge of Freedom of Religion |
·Those who knew that freedom of religion is protected by the First Amendment also knew that freedom of speech is protected****, freedom of the press is protected****, the right to assemble is protected****, and the right to petition is protected.**** ·Those who knew that freedom of religion is protected were less likely to support punishment for burning or defacing of the flag.* ·Those who knew that freedom of religion is protected were more likely to support removing the phrase “Under God” from the pledge.* ·Republicans and Independents were more likely than Democrats to know that freedom of religion is protected.* |
Additional Findings Related to Knowledge of Freedom of the Right to Petition |
·Those who knew the right to petition were more likely to also know freedom of the press****, freedom of religion****, and the right to assemble.**** ·Those who knew the right to petition were more likely to believe American freedom of the press is “just right.”* ·Those with incomes above $75,000 were more likely to know the First Amendment protects the right to petition than all other income groups.** ·Those between the ages of 40 and 60 were more likely to know the right to petition.* |
Additional Findings Related to Knowledge of Freedom of the Right to Assemble |
·Those who knew that the right to assemble is protected by the First Amendment also knew that freedom of speech is protected****, that freedom of the press is protected****, and that freedom of religion is protected**** ·Those who knew that the right to assemble is protected were more likely to believe American freedom of the press is “just right.”**** ·Those who knew that the right to assemble is protected were more likely to believe journalists should be able to publish without censorship.*** ·Those who knew the right to assemble were less likely to support punishment for burning the American flag.**** ·Those who knew the right to assemble were less likely to support removing the phrase “Under God” from the pledge.*** ·Those who knew the right to assemble were less likely to support school rules to punish sexist or racist speech.* ·Those with incomes above $75,000 were more likely to know the First Amendment protects the right to assemble than those with incomes below $30,000.** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
In order to assess respondents’ comprehensive knowledge of all First Amendment rights, a total score of all rights known by each respondent was calculated and then examined in relationships with other variables. The mean number of known rights was M=1.30 (SD=1.11). The following significant relationships resulted from Analysis of Variance computations.
Additional Findings Related to Comprehensive Knowledge of First Amendment |
·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were more likely to support removing the phrase “Under God” from the pledge.** ·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were less likely to support punishment for burning or defacing the flag.**** ·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were less likely to support punishment for criticizing our government during wartime.* ·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were more likely to support journalists publishing without government censorship.*** ·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were more likely to vote in the 2004 presidential election.* ·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were more likely to have household incomes greater than $30,000.** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
After assessing respondents’ knowledge of the First Amendment, they were informed of the five protected rights and then asked, “Overall, do you think Americans have ‘Too Much, Just Right, or Too Little’ of the rights to freedom of speech, press, and religion?”
Table 9: Too Much, Just Right, or Too Little Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Speech |
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
FAC National Sample (%) |
Too Much |
19.5 |
12 |
Just Right |
62 |
63 |
Too Little |
18.5 |
23 |
Additional Findings Related to General Opinions on Freedom of Speech |
·Those who felt their right to free speech had been violated were more likely to believe Americans had too little free speech.**** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of the press had been violated were more likely to believe Americans had too little freedom of speech.**** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little freedom of speech.*** ·Democrats were more likely than Republicans to believe we have too little freedom of speech.* |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 10: Too Much, Just Right, or Too Little Freedom of the Press
Freedom of the Press |
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
FAC National Sample (%) |
Too Much |
37 |
36 |
Just Right |
52.9 |
48 |
Too Little |
9.9 |
13 |
Additional Findings Related to General Opinions on Freedom of the Press |
·Those who felt their right to free speech had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little freedom of the press.**** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of the press had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little freedom of the press.**** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little freedom of the press.*** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 11: Too Much, Just Right, or Too Little Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Religion |
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
FAC National Sample (%) |
Too Much |
6.5 |
8 |
Just Right |
70.9 |
66 |
Too Little |
22.5 |
24 |
Additional Findings Related to General Opinions on Freedom of Religion |
·Those who felt their right to free speech had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little freedom of religion.**** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of the press had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little freedom of religion.** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little freedom of religion.**** ·Republicans and Independents were more likely than Democrats to believe we have too little freedom of religion.*** ·Males were more likely than females to believe Americans have too much freedom of religion.* |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Personal Experiences with Violations of First Amendment Rights. Respondents were asked if they had ever felt their First Amendment rights have been violated.
Table 12: Have your First Amendment rights ever been violated?
|
Wisconsin Sample % Yes |
Wisconsin Sample % No |
Freedom of Speech |
11.2 |
88.1 |
Freedom of Press |
4.7 |
94.1 |
Freedom of Religion |
9.9 |
88.3 |
Additional Findings Related to Personal Experience with Violation of Free Speech |
·Those who felt their right to free speech had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little free speech****, too little freedom of the press****, and too little freedom of religion.**** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of the press had been violated were more likely to believe their freedom of speech had been violated.**** ·Those who felt their right to free speech had been violated were less likely to believe in punishment for racist or sexist speech in schools****, or punishment for burning the American flag.** ·Those who felt their right to free speech had been violated were less likely to vote in the 2004 presidential election.* ·Males were more likely than females to believe their rights to free speech had been violated.** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Additional Findings Related to Personal Experience with Violation of Freedom of the Press |
·Those who felt their right to freedom of the press had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little freedom of speech****, freedom of the press****, and freedom of religion.** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of the press had been violated were more likely to believe their freedom of speech**** and freedom of religion had been violated.**** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of the press had been violated were less likely to believe in punishment for racist or sexist speech in schools****, or punishment for burning the American flag.** ·Those with household incomes less than $30,000 were more likely to believe their freedom of the press had been violated.** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Additional Findings Related to Personal Experience with Violation of Freedom of Religion |
·Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were more likely to believe their freedom of the press****, and speech**** had been violated. ·Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were more likely to believe Americans have too little freedom of speech***, freedom of the press***, and freedom of religion.**** · Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were less likely to believe in a designated time for prayer in schools.** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were less likely to believe in punishment for racist or sexist speech in schools**, or punishment for burning the American flag.*** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Opinions on Currently Debated First Amendment Issues. Respondents were asked to respond, “Yes,” “No,” or “No Definite Opinion” to a series of currently debated First Amendment issues ranging from public school to war on terrorism topics.
Table 13: Should public schools require instruction on First Amendment rights?
|
Wisconsin Sample % |
Yes |
91.1 |
No |
6.1 |
No Definite Opinion |
2.9 |
Additional Findings Related to Required Instruction on the First Amendment |
·Those who knew that freedom of speech was protected were more likely to believe the First Amendment should be required instruction in public schools.*** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 14: Should public schools have a designated time for prayer?
|
Wisconsin Sample % |
Yes |
38.2 |
No |
48.2 |
No Definite Opinion |
13.6 |
Additional Findings Related to Designated Time for Prayer |
· Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were less likely to believe in a designated time for prayer in schools.** ·Republicans were more likely than Democrats and Independents to believe public schools should have designated time for prayer.* ·Females were more likely than males to believe public schools should have a designated time for prayer.* ·Those over age 40 were more likely to agree that there should be designated time for prayer in public schools.** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 15: Should public schools punish students for using racist/sexist speech?
|
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
Yes |
80.5 |
No |
12.3 |
No Definite Opinion |
7.2 |
Additional Findings Related to Rules to Punish Racist or Sexist Speech |
·Those who knew the right to assemble were less likely to support school rules to punish sexist or racist speech.* ·Those who felt their right to free speech had been violated were less likely to believe in punishment for racist or sexist speech in schools.**** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of the press had been violated were less likely to believe in punishment for racist or sexist speech in schools.**** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were less likely to believe in punishment for racist or sexist speech in schools.** ·Females were more likely than males to believe public schools should have rules to punish students who use racist or sexist speech.* |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 16: Should the phrase “under God” be removed from the Pledge of Allegiance?
|
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
*National Sample (%) |
Yes |
9.3 |
11.0 |
No |
88.0 |
89.0 |
No Definite Opinion |
2.7 |
|
*(www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/03/04)
Additional Findings Related to Removing “Under God” from the Pledge |
·Those who knew that freedom of religion is protected were more likely to support removing the phrase “Under God” from the pledge.* ·Those who knew the right to assemble were less likely to support removing the phrase “Under God” from the pledge.*** ·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were more likely to support removing the phrase “Under God” from the pledge.** ·Democrats and Independents were more likely than Republicans to believe that the phrase “under God” should be removed from the pledge.** ·Males were more likely than females to believe the phrase “Under God” should be removed from the pledge.** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 17: Should people be punished for burning or defacing the American flag as a political statement?
*Percent believing it is illegal to burn the flag (Citizens Flag Alliance, 2001)
|
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
*National Sample (%) |
Yes |
60.1 |
58.0* |
No |
33.2 |
|
No Definite Opinion |
6.7 |
|
Additional Findings Related to Punishment for Flag Desecration |
·Those who knew that freedom of speech is protected were less likely to believe in punishment for burning or defacing the American flag.* ·Those who knew that freedom of the press is protected by the First Amendment were less likely to support punishment for burning the flag.** ·Those who knew that freedom of religion is protected were less likely to support punishment for burning or defacing of the flag.* ·Those who knew the right to assemble were less likely to support punishment for burning the American flag.**** ·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were less likely to support punishment for burning or defacing the flag.**** ·Those who felt their right to free speech had been violated were less likely to believe in punishment for burning the American flag.** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of the press had been violated were less likely to believe in punishment for burning the American flag.** ·Those who felt their right to freedom of religion had been violated were less likely to believe in punishment for burning the American flag.*** ·Republicans were more likely than Democrats and Independents to believe in punishment for burning the flag.*** ·Those with incomes above $75,000 do not believe people should be punished for desecrating or burning the flag.** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 18: Should people be punished for protesting on public property?
|
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
Yes |
10.7 |
No |
79.6 |
No Definite Opinion |
9.6 |
Additional Findings Related to Punishment for Protesting on Public Property |
·Republicans and Democrats were more likely than Independents to believe in punishment for protesting or demonstrating on public property.** ·Females were more likely than males to believe people should be punished for protesting on public property.* ·Those between the ages of 30 and 60 were less likely to believe in punishment for protesting on public property.**** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 19: Should people be punished for publicly criticizing our government during wartime?
|
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
Yes |
9.0 |
No |
83.5 |
No Definite Opinion |
7.5 |
|
|
Additional Findings Related to Punishment for Criticizing Government During Wartime |
|
·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were less likely to support punishment for criticizing our government during wartime.* ·Republicans were more likely than Democrats and Independents to believe in punishment for criticizing the government during wartime.** ·Those with incomes above $30,000 were less likely to believe people should be punished for criticizing the government during wartime.** ·Those between the ages of 30 and 60 were less likely to believe in punishment for criticizing the government during wartime.** |
|
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 20: Should journalists be able to publish freely without government censorship?
|
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
FAC National Sample (%) |
Yes |
62.2 |
70.0 |
No |
24.3 |
28.0 |
No Definite Opinion |
13.5 |
3.0 |
Additional Findings relating to whether Journalists should be Able to Publish without Government Censorship |
·Those who knew that freedom of the press is protected by the First Amendment were more likely to believe that journalists should be able to publish without government censorship.* ·Those who knew that the right to assemble is protected were more likely to believe journalists should be able to publish without censorship.*** ·Those who knew more of the rights protected by the First Amendment were more likely to support journalists publishing without government censorship.*** ·Those with incomes above $30,000 were more likely to believe the government should censor journalists.** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 21: Should the government, as a part of the war on terrorism, be able to monitor certain religious groups even if it means infringing on their religious freedoms?
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
FAC National Sample (%) |
|
Yes |
45.7 |
50.0 |
No |
40.1 |
45.0 |
No Definite Opinion |
14.1 |
5.0 |
Additional Findings Related to Monitoring Religious Groups |
·Republicans were more likely than Democrats and Independents to believe the government should be able to monitor certain religious groups as part of the war on terrorism.**** ·Males were more likely than females to believe the government should be able to monitor certain religious groups.**** ·Those with incomes above $30,000 were more likely to believe the government should monitor religious groups.**** ·Those between the ages of 30 and 60 were more likely to believe the government should monitor certain religious groups.**** |
* = p<.05, ** = p<.01, *** = p<.001, ****=p<.0001
Table 22: Should the government, as a part of the war on terrorism, be able to monitor which books or other materials people check out of public libraries?
|
Wisconsin Sample (%) |
FAC National Sample (%) |
Yes |
26.5 |
30.0 |
No |
68.9 |
67.0 |
No Definite Opinion |
4.7 |
3.0 |
Additional Findings Related to Monitoring Library Withdrawals |
·Republicans were more likely than Democrats and Independents to believe the government should be able to monitor library withdrawals as part of the war on terrorism.**** ·Males were more likely than females to believe the government should be able to monitor library withdrawals. ·Those with incomes above $75,000 were more likely to support monitoring of library withdrawals than those with incomes below $30,000.* |
© Copyright 2005 Tim Shiell